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Personal names in German-speaking Europe consist of one or several given names (''Vorname'', plural ''Vornamen'') and a surname (''Nachname, Familienname'') The ''Vorname'' is usually gender-specific. A name is usually cited in the "Western order" of "given name, surname", unless it occurs in an alphabetized list of surnames, e.g. "Bach, Johann Sebastian". In this, the German conventions parallel the naming conventions in most of Western and Central Europe, including English, Dutch, Italian, and French. There are some vestiges of a patronymic system as they survive in parts of Eastern Europe and Scandinavia, but these do not form part of the official name. Women traditionally adopted their husband's name upon marriage and would occasionally retain their maiden name by hyphenation, in a so-called ''Doppelname'', e.g. "Else Lasker-Schüler". Recent legislation motivated by gender equality now tend to allow either or both parts of a married couple to choose the surname they want to use. The most common given names are either Biblical ("Christian", derived from name of Biblical characters or saints; ''Johann/Hans'' "John", ''Georg/Jörg'' "George", ''Jakob'' "Jacob"; ''Anna'', ''Maria'', ''Barbara'', ''Christina'') or from Germanic names (''Friedrich'' "Frederick", ''Ludwig'' "Louis", etc.) Since the 1990s, there has however been a trend of parents picking non-German forms of names, either for originality, or influenced by international celebrities, e.g. ''Liam'' (Gaelic form of ''William'') rather than the German equivalent ''Wilhelm'', ''Leon/Leonie'', ''Kevin'', ''Laura'', etc. Most surnames are derived either from occupations, or from geographical origin, less often from bodily attributes. They became heritable with the beginning of central demographic records in the early modern period. ==Forenames== The ''Vorname'' (in English ''forename'') is usually given to a child by the parents shortly after birth. It is common to give a child several ''Vornamen'' (forenames), one of them intended for everyday use and known as the ''Rufname'' ("appellation name"). This ''Rufname'' is often underlined on official documents, as it is sometimes the second or third name in the sequence of given names on official record, even though it is the given name in daily use from childhood.〔(Rechtstipps – der private Rechtsberater )〕 For example, in the resume submitted by mathematician Emmy Noether to Erlangen University in 1907,〔 Erlangen University archive, ''Promotionsakt Emmy Noether'' (1907/08, NR. 2988); reproduced in: ''Emmy Noether, Gesammelte Abhandlungen – Collected Papers,'' ed. N. Jacobson 1983; online facsimile at (physikerinnen.de/noetherlebenslauf.html ).〕 :''Ich, Amalie Emmy Noether, bayerischer Staatsangehörigkeit und israelitischer Konfession, bin geboren zu Erlangen am 23. März 1882 ...'' :"I, Amalie Emmy Noether, of Bavarian nationality and of Israelite confession, born in Erlangen on 23 March 1882 ..." the underlining of ''Emmy'' communicates that this is the ''Rufname'', even though it is the second of two official given names. In Germany, the chosen name must be approved by the local Standesamt (civil registry office). The name must indicate the gender of the child and not negatively affect the well being of the child. Last names or the names of objects and products are not acceptable. For example, "Matti" was rejected for a boy's name because it did not indicate gender (however, these types of names are permissible if combined with a second name which clarifies the gender, for example: "Matti Oliver" or "Matti Julia").〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=German First Names and Official Approval )〕 Among German nobility, a fashion arose in the early modern period to give a large number of forenames, often six or more. This fashion was to some extent copied by the bourgeois class, but subsided again after the end of the 19th century, so that while two or three forenames remain common, a larger number is now rare. The practice persists among German nobility, e.g. Johann Friedrich ''Konrad'' Carl Eduard Horst Arnold Matthias, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen, Duke of Saxony (b. 1952), ''Ernst August'' Albert Paul Otto Rupprecht Oskar Berthold Friedrich-Ferdinand Christian-Ludwig, Prince of Hanover (b. 1954), ''Christian'' Heinrich Clemens Paul Frank Peter Welf Wilhelm-Ernst Friedrich Franz Prince of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg (b. 1985). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「German name」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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